Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR) & AGV Roadmap
Master autonomous navigation: from wheel kinematics and sensor fusion to 2D/3D SLAM and ROS 2 Nav2.
The definitive roadmap for building commercial-grade Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs), warehouse Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), and delivery robots using LiDAR, wheel encoders, IMU sensor fusion, and the ROS 2 Navigation Stack.
Roadmap Curriculum & Milestones
Complete each sequential phase to build production-grade robotics competencies.
Phase 1: Mobile Robot Kinematics & Odometry
Formulate differential drive, Ackermann steering, and mecanum omnidirectional kinematic equations in code.
Differential & Omnidirectional Kinematic Models
Derive forward and inverse kinematics converting linear (v) and angular (w) velocities to individual wheel RPMs.
- Forward/Inverse Wheel Kinematics
- Dead Reckoning Odometry
- Runge-Kutta 2nd Order Integration
- Covariance Estimation
- Dead-reckoning odometry publisher node in C++
Sensor Fusion with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
Fuse wheel encoder ticks with 9-axis IMU (gyroscope and accelerometer) using the robot_localization ROS 2 package.
- Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
- IMU Drift Compensation
- robot_localization Package Configuration
- TF2 Coordinate Tree (odom -> base_link)
- Robust filtered odometry publisher fusing BNO055 IMU + Encoders
Phase 2: LiDAR Mapping & 2D/3D SLAM
Generate high-resolution 2D occupancy grids and 3D point clouds in unknown environments in real time.
2D LiDAR SLAM with Cartographer & SLAM Toolbox
Implement scan matching, loop closure detection, submap generation, and occupancy grid serialization.
- LaserScan Message Protocol
- Scan Matching (Correlative & Ceres)
- Loop Closure Optimization
- Lifelong Mapping
- Mapping a multi-room environment with SLAM Toolbox and RPLiDAR
Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization (AMCL)
Localize a robot on a pre-built static map using particle filter probabilistic state estimation.
- Particle Filtering (MCL)
- Likelihood Field Sensor Model
- Kidnapped Robot Recovery
- Map-to-Odom Transform Broadcasting
- Global localization benchmark on noisy map environments
Phase 3: Autonomous Path Planning & Nav2 Stack
Deploy industrial navigation with global path planners, dynamic obstacle avoidance, and behavior tree orchestrations.
Global & Local Path Planners (A*, Dijkstra, TEB & DWB)
Configure Nav2 layered costmaps (inflation, obstacle, voxel) and tune local trajectory controllers for collision-free motion.
- A* & Dijkstra Pathfinding
- Timed Elastic Band (TEB) Controller
- Dynamic Window Approach (DWB)
- Costmap Layer Plugins
- Full autonomous navigation pipeline with waypoint following
Ready to begin Phase 1?
Dive into our free hands-on tutorials and build your first physical prototype.